Nmap options

Official Manual

Nmap 7.95SVN ( https://nmap.org )
Usage: nmap [Scan Type(s)] [Options] {target specification}
TARGET SPECIFICATION:
  Can pass hostnames, IP addresses, networks, etc.
  Ex: scanme.nmap.org, microsoft.com/24, 192.168.0.1; 10.0.0-255.1-254
  -iL <inputfilename>: Input from list of hosts/networks
  -iR <num hosts>: Choose random targets
  --exclude <host1[,host2][,host3],...>: Exclude hosts/networks
  --excludefile <exclude_file>: Exclude list from file
HOST DISCOVERY:
  -sL: List Scan - simply list targets to scan
  -sn: Ping Scan - disable port scan
  -Pn: Treat all hosts as online -- skip host discovery
  -PS/PA/PU/PY[portlist]: TCP SYN, TCP ACK, UDP or SCTP discovery to given ports
  -PE/PP/PM: ICMP echo, timestamp, and netmask request discovery probes
  -PO[protocol list]: IP Protocol Ping
  -n/-R: Never do DNS resolution/Always resolve [default: sometimes]
  --dns-servers <serv1[,serv2],...>: Specify custom DNS servers
  --system-dns: Use OS's DNS resolver
  --traceroute: Trace hop path to each host
SCAN TECHNIQUES:
  -sS/sT/sA/sW/sM: TCP SYN/Connect()/ACK/Window/Maimon scans
  -sU: UDP Scan
  -sN/sF/sX: TCP Null, FIN, and Xmas scans
  --scanflags <flags>: Customize TCP scan flags
  -sI <zombie host[:probeport]>: Idle scan
  -sY/sZ: SCTP INIT/COOKIE-ECHO scans
  -sO: IP protocol scan
  -b <FTP relay host>: FTP bounce scan
PORT SPECIFICATION AND SCAN ORDER:
  -p <port ranges>: Only scan specified ports
    Ex: -p22; -p1-65535; -p U:53,111,137,T:21-25,80,139,8080,S:9
  --exclude-ports <port ranges>: Exclude the specified ports from scanning
  -F: Fast mode - Scan fewer ports than the default scan
  -r: Scan ports sequentially - don't randomize
  --top-ports <number>: Scan <number> most common ports
  --port-ratio <ratio>: Scan ports more common than <ratio>
SERVICE/VERSION DETECTION:
  -sV: Probe open ports to determine service/version info
  --version-intensity <level>: Set from 0 (light) to 9 (try all probes)
  --version-light: Limit to most likely probes (intensity 2)
  --version-all: Try every single probe (intensity 9)
  --version-trace: Show detailed version scan activity (for debugging)
SCRIPT SCAN:
  -sC: equivalent to --script=default
  --script=<Lua scripts>: <Lua scripts> is a comma separated list of
           directories, script-files or script-categories
  --script-args=<n1=v1,[n2=v2,...]>: provide arguments to scripts
  --script-args-file=filename: provide NSE script args in a file
  --script-trace: Show all data sent and received
  --script-updatedb: Update the script database.
  --script-help=<Lua scripts>: Show help about scripts.
           <Lua scripts> is a comma-separated list of script-files or
           script-categories.
OS DETECTION:
  -O: Enable OS detection
  --osscan-limit: Limit OS detection to promising targets
  --osscan-guess: Guess OS more aggressively
TIMING AND PERFORMANCE:
  Options which take <time> are in seconds, or append 'ms' (milliseconds),
  's' (seconds), 'm' (minutes), or 'h' (hours) to the value (e.g. 30m).
  -T<0-5>: Set timing template (higher is faster)
  --min-hostgroup/max-hostgroup <size>: Parallel host scan group sizes
  --min-parallelism/max-parallelism <numprobes>: Probe parallelization
  --min-rtt-timeout/max-rtt-timeout/initial-rtt-timeout <time>: Specifies
      probe round trip time.
  --max-retries <tries>: Caps number of port scan probe retransmissions.
  --host-timeout <time>: Give up on target after this long
  --scan-delay/--max-scan-delay <time>: Adjust delay between probes
  --min-rate <number>: Send packets no slower than <number> per second
  --max-rate <number>: Send packets no faster than <number> per second
FIREWALL/IDS EVASION AND SPOOFING:
  -f; --mtu <val>: fragment packets (optionally w/given MTU)
  -D <decoy1,decoy2[,ME],...>: Cloak a scan with decoys
  -S <IP_Address>: Spoof source address
  -e <iface>: Use specified interface
  -g/--source-port <portnum>: Use given port number
  --proxies <url1,[url2],...>: Relay connections through HTTP/SOCKS4 proxies
  --data <hex string>: Append a custom payload to sent packets
  --data-string <string>: Append a custom ASCII string to sent packets
  --data-length <num>: Append random data to sent packets
  --ip-options <options>: Send packets with specified ip options
  --ttl <val>: Set IP time-to-live field
  --spoof-mac <mac address/prefix/vendor name>: Spoof your MAC address
  --badsum: Send packets with a bogus TCP/UDP/SCTP checksum
OUTPUT:
  -oN/-oX/-oS/-oG <file>: Output scan in normal, XML, s|<rIpt kIddi3,
     and Grepable format, respectively, to the given filename.
  -oA <basename>: Output in the three major formats at once
  -v: Increase verbosity level (use -vv or more for greater effect)
  -d: Increase debugging level (use -dd or more for greater effect)
  --reason: Display the reason a port is in a particular state
  --open: Only show open (or possibly open) ports
  --packet-trace: Show all packets sent and received
  --iflist: Print host interfaces and routes (for debugging)
  --append-output: Append to rather than clobber specified output files
  --resume <filename>: Resume an aborted scan
  --noninteractive: Disable runtime interactions via keyboard
  --stylesheet <path/URL>: XSL stylesheet to transform XML output to HTML
  --webxml: Reference stylesheet from Nmap.Org for more portable XML
  --no-stylesheet: Prevent associating of XSL stylesheet w/XML output
MISC:
  -6: Enable IPv6 scanning
  -A: Enable OS detection, version detection, script scanning, and traceroute
  --datadir <dirname>: Specify custom Nmap data file location
  --send-eth/--send-ip: Send using raw ethernet frames or IP packets
  --privileged: Assume that the user is fully privileged
  --unprivileged: Assume the user lacks raw socket privileges
  -V: Print version number
  -h: Print this help summary page.
EXAMPLES:
  nmap -v -A scanme.nmap.org
  nmap -v -sn 192.168.0.0/16 10.0.0.0/8
  nmap -v -iR 10000 -Pn -p 80
SEE THE MAN PAGE (https://nmap.org/book/man.html) FOR MORE OPTIONS AND EXAMPLES

Examples

默认扫描

  • nmap 192.168.1.1 默认扫描会执行以下行为:
    • (ARP) ping scan, 确认目标主机是否在线,如果不在线则中断后续操作。 nmap 会根据 IP 自动使用 ARP ping (局域网) 或者 ICMP ping (公网)。
    • Parallel DNS resolution, 反向 DNS 查询,查询主机名
    • SYN Stealth Scan, 使用 TCP SYN 半连接扫描,扫描目标主机的端口
    • 默认只扫描前 1000 号端口
    • 所以,它等效于 nmap 192.168.1.1 -sS -p 1-1000

快速主机发现

  • nmap -sn 192.168.1.1/24 主机发现扫描
  • nmap -sn -n -v 192.168.1.1/24 快速主机发现扫描
    • -sn 表示只进行主机扫描(ping scan / ping sweep),不进行端口扫描 (其中 s 表示扫描 scan, n 表示 not port。但是要注意 -sn 这种两个字母连在一起的参数是不能拆开的!)
    • -n 表示禁用 DNS 查询,这样才能加速主机发现
    • -v 表示输出详细信息

跳过主机发现

  • nmap host -Pn 跳过主机发现
    • 如果不定义该参数,所有的扫描默认都会先执行 ping 扫描来确认主机是否在线,如果不在线就会中断后续操作。

端口扫描

指定端口

  • -p 80 指定扫描80端口
  • -p 80, 443 指定扫描两个端口
  • -p 80-8080 指定端口范围
  • -p- 全部端口

结果解读

端口扫描的结果会有三种状态:

  • open 表示目标端口开放连接
  • closed 表示目标端口返回 RST
  • filtered 表示目标端口什么都没有返回,请求包可能被 iptables, 防火墙或者其他安全设备 drop 掉了 (如果不是使用完整的 -sT 全连接扫描,很容易被识别为异常直接 drop 掉)

扫描方式

Note: sS, sA, sF, sX, sN 这些异常的扫描数据包很有可能被现代操作系统或者防火墙识别,并直接 drop 或者 RST。所以很难准确判断端口状态。

  • nmap -sS host TCP SYN 扫描(半连接扫描)
    • 只发送 SYN 包,收到目标返回的 SYN/ACK 包后立即发 RST 包中止握手
    • 需要 root/sudo 权限
  • nmap -sT host TCP 全连接扫描
    • 完整的 TCP 三次握手全连接:
      • 客户端发送 SYN 包,请求连接
      • 服务器返回 SYN/ACK 包,确认请求并发送自己的 SYN 号
      • 客户端发送 ACK 包,确认连接建立
  • nmap -sA host ACK 扫描
    • 并不用于判断端口是否 open,而是用来判断端口是否被防火墙过滤(filtered / unfiltered)
    • 因为正常主机一开始收到 ACK 包,会返回 RST 表示异常请求,需要 reset,这时 nmap 就会判断 unfiltered
    • 防火墙如果遇到异常的 ACK 包,会直接 drop 掉,不会返回 RST,这时 nmap 就会判断 filtered
    • 但是我觉得这其实并不准确,因为不同系统或者防火墙对于 ACK 包的响应可能有差异
  • nmap -sX host Xmax 扫描
    • 发送一个特殊的 TCP 包,其包头的 Flags 字段为 FIN + PSH + URG(就像圣诞树一样亮了很多灯🎄)
    • 但实际上这种异常的包很容易就被防火墙 drop 掉了。。。所以也没啥意义现在
  • nmap -sI zombie-host target-host Idle 扫描
    • 利用僵尸主机进行扫描目标主机,不暴露自身
    • 首先确认僵尸主机有 IPID 漏洞,即它的 IP 数据包的 ID 是连续的
    • 然后向僵尸主机发送 SYN/ACK 包,获取其当前的 IP ID = N。(为什么发送 SYN/ACK 包呢,因为 SYN/ACK 包是 TCP 三次握手的第二个包,而僵尸主机并没有发起过第一个 SYN 包,那么当它收到这个 SYN/ACK 包之后,就会返回一个 RST 包,而不会建立 TCP 连接。)
    • 再伪造成僵尸主机,向目标主机的目标端口发送 SYN/ACK 数据包。
      • 如果目标端口在线,目标主机就会回复数据给僵尸主机,导致僵尸主机回复它 RST 并且 IP ID = N+1。
    • 最后再向僵尸主机发送 SYN/ACK 包,检查僵尸主机回复的数据包。
      • 如果 IP ID = N+2,那么说明目标主机端口在线。
      • 如果 IP ID = N+1,那么说明目标主机端口不在线。
  • nmap -v -O --script ipidseq host 确认 host 是否有 IPID seq 漏洞 (是否可以用来做僵尸主机)
    • -O 探测目标主机操作系统
    • --script ipidseq 表示使用 ipidseq 脚本

NSE (Nmap Script Engine)

  • nmap host --script=script_name 指定要使用的脚本名
  • nmap host --script="smb-*" 使用 wildcard 匹配脚本名

扫描结果保存

  • -oN <filename> Normal text output
  • -oG <filename> Grepable output
  • -oX <filename> XML output
  • -oA <filename> Generate All of the three types of files above

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